class MyClass
{
    public function __construct() {}

    public function __destruct() {}

    public function __call() {}

    public function __callStatic() {}

    public function __get() {}

    public function __set() {}

    public function __isset() {}

    public function __unset() {}

    public function __sleep() {}

    public function __wakeup() {}

    public function __toString() {}

    public function __invoke() {}

    public function __set_state() {}

    public function __clone() {}

    public function __debuginfo() {}
}

<?php

/**
 * PHP中的普通用户类（非Laravel）将只是一个具有上述属性的类
 */
class NormalUser
{
    public $firstName = 'Alice';
}

$normalUser = new NormalUser;

$normalUser->firstName; // 将返回'Alice'

<?php

namespace App;

use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;

/**
 * Laravel中的一个user类
 */
class LaravelUser extends Model
{
    /**
     * 注意，我们将所有属性数据存储在一个单独的数组中
     */
    protected $attributes = [
        'firstName' => 'Alice',
    ];
}

$laravelUser = new LaravelUser;

$laravelUser->firstName; // 依然返回'Alice'

<?php

class NormalUser
{
    /**
     * 像在Laravel中那样声明属性
     */
    protected $attributes = [
        'firstName' => 'Alice',
    ];

    /**
     *  __get 函数接收一个参数
     * 它将会是你想要访问的属性名
     * 在这个例子中是 $key = "firstName"
     */
    public function __get(string $key)
    {
        return $this->attributes[$key];
    }
}

$normalUser = new NormalUser;

$normalUser->firstName; // 将会返回 'Alice'

<?php

class NormalUser
{
    public $firstName = 'Bob';

    protected $attributes = [
        'firstName' => 'Alice',
    ];

    public function __get($key)
    {
        return $this->attributes[$key];
    }
}

$normalUser = new NormalUser;

/**
 * 由于类中存在该属性，将会返回 Bob
 * 所以该例子中没有调用到魔术方法__get
 */
$normalUser->firstName;

<?php

class NormalUser
{
    public $firstName = 'Alice';
}

$normalUser = new NormalUser;

$normalUser->firstName = 'Bob';

$normalUser->firstName; // Will return 'Bob'

<?php

namespace App;

use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;

class LaravelUser extends Model
{
    protected $attributes = [
        'firstName' => 'Alice',
    ];
}

$laravelUser = new LaravelUser;

$laravelUser->firstName = 'Bob';

$laravelUser->firstName; // Will return 'Bob' as well

<?php

class NormalUser
{
    public $attributes = [
        'firstName' => 'Alice',
    ];

    /**
     * The magic method __set receives the $name you want to affect the value on
     * and the value
     */
    public function __set($key, $value)
    {
        $this->attributes[$key] = $value;
    }
}

$normalUser = new NormalUser;

$normalUser->firstName = 'Bob';

/**
 * As we don't have the __get magic method define in this example for simplicity sake,
 * we will access the $attributes directly
 */
$normalUser->attributes['firstName']; // Will return 'Bob'

<?php

class NormalUser
{
    public $firstName = 'Alice';

    public $lastName = 'Bob';
}

$normalUser = new NormalUser;

$normalUser->fullName(); // 由于没有声明 "fullName" 方法，这将会抛出错误

<?php

class NormalUser
{
    public $firstName = 'Alice';

    public $lastName = 'Bob';

    /**
     * 将我们的宏初始化为一个空数组，后面再赋值
     */
    public static $macros = [];

    /**
     * 定义一个添加新宏的方法
     * 第一个参数是我们想要定义的宏的名字
     * 第二个参数是调用宏时将会被执行的闭包函数
     */
    public static function addMacro($name, $macro) {
        static::$macros[$name] = $macro;
    }

    /**
     * "__call" 接收两个参数,
     * $name 是被调用的函数名称，比如 “fullName”
     * $arguments 是传递给函数的所有参数，这里我们使用了一个空数组，因为我们的函数不用传参
     */
    public function __call(string $name, array $arguments) {
        /**
         * 通过名称获取到宏
         */
        $macro = static::$macros[$name];
        /**
         * 然后通过参数执行宏
         * 备注：调用之前，我们需要将闭包绑定到 “$this”，从而使宏方法在同样的上下文中执行
         */
        return call_user_func_array($macro->bindTo($this, static::class), $arguments);
    }
}

$normalUser = new NormalUser;

$normalUser->fullName(); // 这里会中断，因为我们既没有定义 “fullName” 宏，也没有 “fullName” 方法存在。

/**
 * 添加 “fullName” 宏方法
 */
NormalUser::addMacro('fullName', function () {
    return $this->firstName.' '.$this->lastName;
});

$normalUser->fullName(); // 现在，返回 “Alice Bob”